Table 1 Levels of Evidence Adapted from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice: Models and Guidelines ([23]; Dang and Dearholt 2017)
Level | Description |
|---|---|
I | High quality prospective randomized controlled trials, cohort studies with adequate power or systematic review of these studies |
II | Lower quality prospective cohort, retrospective cohort study, randomized controlled trials with untreated controls, or a systematic review/meta-analysis of these studies |
III | Case–control study or systematic review/meta-analysis of these studies |
IV | Case Series, consensus statements, society guidelines, practice guidelines |
V | Expert Opinion: case report, clinical example, narrative reviews |