Table 1 Studies that used only Heparin for provocative angiography
From: Provocative mesenteric angiography for occult gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review
Study (Year) | No. of patients | Heparin/ Vasodilator use (systemic/intravenous) | Detected bleed (Positive provocative bleed) | Embolized | Surgery | Complications related to provocative therapy (yes/no) | Recurrent bleed in negative provocation patients | Follow-up (months) | Reason for PMA | Prior negative interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brünnler (2008) [4] | 13 | Heparin | 9 (69%) | - | Yes | No | - | - | Recurrent GIB of obscure origin | Scintigraphy with 99mtc-marked red blood cells as a diagnostic procedure |
Drezdzon (2022) [5] | 1 | Heparin/ Vasodilators | 0 (0%) | No | Yes | No | No | - | LGIB | Diagnostic colonoscopy, nasogastric lavage and subsequent EGD |
Mernagh (2001) [6] | 12 | Heparin, Papaverine | 6 (50%) | No | Yes (100%) | No | No | - | Obscure chronic GIB | Conventional angiography 1x |
Nozawa (2022) [7] | 2 | Heparin | 2 (100%) | Yes (100%) | No | No | No | - | Acute LGIB | Conventional angiography 1x |
Lee (2012) [8] | 2 | Heparin | 1 (50%) | - | - | Yes (n = 1) | - | 0–5 | Acute UGIB or LGIB | Conventional angiography 1x |
Hasaj (2004) [9] | 1 | Heparin | 0 (0%) | Yes | No | No | No | 17 | Recurrent UGIB and LGIB | 3 × angiographies with or without heparin provocation |
Total | 31 | Heparin (100%) | 18 (58%) | 3 (16.7%) | 15 (83.3%) | 1 (5.5%) | No (100%) | 7.3* | Â | Â |