Standardizing lymphangiography and lymphatic interventions: a preclinical in vivo approach with detailed procedural steps

CVIR Endovascular

Table 1 A summary of different procedures in pig models

Sequence	Types	Pig No	Access route	Operative site	Contrast	Equipment	Sclerosant	Embolized agent	Objective
1	PLL establishment	1;2;3;4;5;6		Groin					Inguinal PLL establishment
2		1;2;3;4	Interstitial	Foot	Patent Blue V				Interstitial dye test
3	Lymphangiography	1	Translymphatic	Upper /lower limb	Lipiodol	DSA/CT			Lipiodol-based TL
4	Lymphangiography	7;8	Intranodal	Neck/groin	Lipiodol	US/DSA/CT			Lipiodol-based percutaneous INL
5	Lymphangiography	4;9	Intranodal	Mesentery	Lipiodol	DSA/CT			Lipiodol-based laparotomic INL
6	Lymphangiography	2;3;5;6;10	Interstitial	Foot/hand	Lipiodol	DSA/CT			Lipiodol-based interstitial lymphangiography
7	Lymphangiography	11;12	Interstitial	Foot	Gadoxetate disodium	MRI			Interstitial MRL
8	Embolization	7;8	Translymphatic	Abdomen		DSA/CT		NBCA/coils	TDE
9	Embolization	10	Intranodal	Neck		DSA/CT		NBCA	INE
10	Sclerotherapy	5	Translymphatic	Thigh		CT	95% Ethanol		ALVS
11	Embolization	1	Translymphatic	Thigh		DSA/CT		NBCA	ALVE

Abbreviations: PLL Postoperative lymphatic leakage, DSA Digital subtraction angiography, CT Computed tomography, US Ultrasonography, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, NBCA N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, TL Translymphatic lymphangiography, INL Intranodal lymphangiography, MRL Magnetic resonance lymphangiography, TDE Thoracic duct embolization, INE Intranodal embolization, ALVS Afferent lymphatic vessel sclerotherapy, ALVE Afferent lymphatic vessel embolization