Fig. 6

Illustration of lipiodol-based interstitial lymphangiography in a pig model. First, inject 2 ml lipiodol at each interdigital space of the left foot, similar to the interstitial dye test (A). After 15 min, the interstitial (white arrows) and surrounding lymphatic vessels (white arrowheads) were opacified under fluoroscopy (B). Over time, the lymphatic vessels (white arrowheads) at the ankle (C) and lower leg (D) were visually opacified under fluoroscopy. When the lipiodol reached the left groin region, evident extravasation of lipiodol (white arrows) was observed with the disruption of lymphatic vessels, indicating a typical PLL diagnosis (E). The coronal MIP image of the sequential post-lymphangiography CT demonstrated the subcutaneously sporadic distribution of lipiodol (white arrows) at the left groin (F). Images were from Pig No. 10. Abbreviations: PLL, postoperative lymphatic leakage; MIP, maximum intensity projection