Table 1 Patient demographics, AVM characteristics, technical approach, complications and clinical/imaging follow up

1

Low-flow AVM, calf

Lower limb thrombus, pain

Arterial and percutaneous

23.7

Liquid sodium tetradecyl sulphate, 3%

Nil

3 months

Y

Improved exercise

tolerance, discoloration

and pain

No residual arterial component on MRI

2

High flow AVM, ankle

Pain

Arterial and venous

39.3

PHIL

Nil

6 months

Y

No ongoing pain or swelling, reduction in size, decreased discoloration

Significant reduction in size (only few small arterial feeders persisting) on MRI

3

High flow AVM,

Elbow

Pain and swelling

Arterial and venous

70.7

Onyx and PHIL

Nil

2 years

Y

AVM recurrence requiring repeat endovascular treatment

Planned for 6 months postprocedure

4

Low flow venous malformation,

tongue

Recurrent oral bleeding, aesthetically displeasing for patient

Arterial and percutaneous

15.7

Liquid sodium tetradecyl sulphate, 3%

Oropharyngeal swelling, tracheostomy

1 year

Y

Some residual symptoms including oral fullness and occasional ulceration and bleeding

Significant reduction in size of lingual compartment on MRI with residual arterial flow and patency in compartment at the floor of the mouth (smaller compared to preprocedural imaging)

5

High flow AVM, hand

Right arm pain, venous distension

Arterial and venous

114.7

Onyx and PHIL

Postprocedural haematoma, arterial dissection

9 months

Y

Improvement in pain,

normal hand function

Some persistent arterialised flow extending from embolic material suggesting some AVM residium on postprocedural CT angiogram

6

High flow AVM, uterine

Large PV bleeding

Arterial and venous

273

Onyx

Nil

3 months

Y

No further irregular PV

bleeding

N/A

7

High flow AVM, calf

Swelling and pain

Arterial

Not available

Polidocanol 3% liquid embolic

Nil

1 month

Y

Improvement in pain/

discomfort. Some ongoing

swelling

Complete obliteration of AVM