Table 1 Review of the literature
Reference | Cases | UAF treatment | Revisional procedure | Results | Complications | UAF recurrence | Follow-up and outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Subiela et al., 2018) | 94 | 89 (94.7%) SG, 5 (5.3%) embolization, 24 (22.6%) IIA embolization + SG | nephrectomy (3 cases), SG placement (3) | In all cases, after the procedure, hematuria disappeared | overall complication rate (17%), SG thrombosis (3 [3.2%] cases), retroperitoneal abscess (2 [2.1%] cases), urosepsis (2 [2.1%] cases), native iliac external artery thrombosis (1 [1%] case), and limb claudication (1 [1%] case) | 7 cases (7.5%) | overall survival: 42 months (95% CI: 32.4–51.6), survival (UAF related death): 2 months (95% CI: 0–15) |
(Devulapalli et al., 2021) | 1 | IIA vascular plug and coil embolization | no | technical success | no | no | free of gross hematuria at 2.5 years |
(Kaneko et al., 2020) | 1 | IIA coil embolization + SG | no | technical success | no | no | died seven months after treatment unrelated to UAF |
(Augustin et al., 2020) | 5 | 2/5 (40%) coil embolization, 3/5 (60%) vascular plug embolization, 2/5 (40%) SG | coil and microspheres (Embozene) embolization and additional open-surgical occlusion (1 case); SG extension (1) | 100% technical success, 60% clinical success | fever after a urological exchange of an ureter stent (1 case) | 2/5 (40%), 8 days and 4 days after initial therapy | Median follow-up: 39 (range: 1–48.7) months |
(Yoshioka et al., 2020) | 1 | IIA vascular plug embolization + SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful at 11 months |
(Fernandopulle et al., 2020) | 1 | SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful at 9 months |
(Geevarghese and Gupta, 2020) | 1 | SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful at 6 months |
(Perrenoud et al., 2020) | 1 | SG | two times SG extension | technical success | febrile, suspected SG infection | within a week and again 4 days after repeated intervention | continued to have intermittent hematuria and ultimately required surgical revision |
(Berastegi-Santamaria et al., 2020) | 1 | SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful at 1 month |
(Di Grazia et al., 2020) | 1 | SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful at 1 month |
(Massmann et al., 2020) | 5 | SG in a double-barrel technique, | 1/5 (20%) femoral-femoral-crossover bypass | 100% technical success | 1/5 (20%) SG thrombosis at 6 weeks | no | median follow-up: 18 (9–37) months |
(Horie et al., 2019) | 1 | IIA coil embolization + SG | no | technical success | no | no | uneventful 1 year |
(Titomihelakis et al., 2019) | 5 | 3/5 (60%) SG, 2/5 (40%) IIA coil embolization + SG | 1/5 (20%) SG, 1/5 (20%) surgery | 4/5 (80%) successful repairs | 2/5 (40%) SG infections, 1/5 (20%) SG occlusion | 2/5 (40%) | 1 lost to follow-up, 1 died at one year unrelated to UAF treatment, 1 uneventful at 10 months, 1 without hematuria at 7-month follow-up, 1 died 5 months due to rebleeding |
(Leone et al., 2019) | 4 | SG | no | technical success | no | no | Mean follow-up: 49 (25–66) months, uneventful in all patients |
(Heers et al., 2018) | 22a | 17/22 (77.3%) SG, 3/22 (13.6%) coil embolization + SG, 2/22 (9.1%) coil embolization, | SG (2 cases), coil embolization (later surgical ligation and cross-over bypass; 1 case) | 24/26 (92.3%) survived the acute situation | 2 SG occlusions, 1 SG infection, 1 ischemic pain in ipsilateral hip, 1 ipsilateral calf ischemia | 3/26 | 2/26 (7.7%) did not survive the acute situation, one was lost to follow-up, 12 were alive at a median follow-up of 8 months (1–80), nine died during follow-up (one died due to ongoing UAF) |
(Noh et al., 2020) | 8 | 6/8 (75%) SG, 1/8 (12.5%) SG + IIA embolization, 1/8 (12.5%)b | 3/8 (37.5%; surgery [2], SG [1]) | 100% technical success, no UAF-related death | 1/8 (12.5%) SG infection | 3/8 (37.5%) at a mean of 6.3 months | median follow-up: 987 days, two died due to their underlying disease (45 and 288 days) |