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DLE/DLS (Hur et al. 2016, Kim et al. 2019)
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Identification of confined extravasation from the LVs contained by the surrounding tissue, which could also be called “lymphopseudoaneurysm” or lymphocele.
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The confined extravasation was punctured by using a 21- or 22-gauge needle, or with a drainage catheter. Then, the glue or the sclerosant solution was injected to completely fill and/or flush the confined extravasation.
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ALVE (Cope and Kaiser 2002, Boffa et al. 2008, Baek et al. 2016a, Baek et al. 2016b)
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Identification of the direct upstream and accessible LV that directly extravasated.
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The upstream LV of the LF was directly puncture by using a 21- or 22-gauge needle. Then, the embolized agents (eg. glue, particles, coils, etc.) were injected through the needle or advanced microcatheter to completely embolize the target LV close to the leakage site.
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ALVD/ALVS (Cope and Kaiser 2002, Chen and Itkin 2011, Kortes et al. 2014)
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Identification of the direct upstream LV that directly extravasated, but the target upstream vessel, that was accessible for the embolization, was very small or multi-branched. In addition, the surrounding area was not close to important blood vessels or nerves.
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The 21- or 22-gauge needle was advanced as close as possible to the target upstream LVs. Then, repeated probing or injection of the sclerosant solution occurred to destroy the target LVs.
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TNE (Hur et al. 2016, Kim et al. 2019)
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Identification of the site of the contrast extravasation and the closest upstream LN from which efferent LV extravasated a short distance away.
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The closest upstream LNs of the LF were punctured by using 21- or 22-gauge needle, and then glue was injected along with the lymphatic flow to embolize the leakage at the end.
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