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Fig. 2 | CVIR Endovascular

Fig. 2

From: The roles of iodized oil-based lymphangiography and post-lymphangiographic computed tomography for specific lymphatic intervention planning in patients with postoperative lymphatic fistula: a literature review and case series

Fig. 2

Exemplary direct and indirect demonstrations of LF. Note: a Local pooling demonstration of the iodized oil extravasation (white arrowhead) from the definite afferent LV; b Diffused distribution of the iodized oil extravasation (white arrowhead) with multiple leakage points; c Evidence of the iodized oil extravasation in the pleural cavity (white arrowhead) without definite LF point; d Abnormal distribution of iodized oil at the mesenterium (upper right corner, white arrowhead) with the disruption of main lymphatic ducts (white arrow); e - dermal reflux (white arrowhead) with the peripheral disruption of main lymphatic ducts; f - abnormal distribution of iodized oil at the lung parenchyma (bottom left corner, white arrowhead) with the iatrogenic disruption of main lymphatic ducts indicating the iodized oil from the thoracic duct directly flowed toward the lung parenchyma through abnormal lymphatic networks (so-called “PLPS”). Abbreviations: LF – lymphatic fistula; LV – lymphatic vessel; PLPS – pulmonary lymphatic perfusion syndrome

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