Fig. 2

a Evidence of steal syndrome with associated tissue ulceration at the fingertips. b Diagnostic fistulogram performed through a catheter placed in the inflow brachial artery shows rapid shunting of flow across the AVF into the outflow cephalic vein (arrows indicating flow direction). The radial and ulnar arteries in the forearm are poorly opacified. c Percutaneous AVF banding was performed over a 5 × 40 mm angioplasty balloon with (d) a stenosis created in the outflow vein (black arrow). Perfusion to the forearm was improved but the distal radial and ulnar arteries (white arrows) were occluded secondary to underlying atherosclerosis and the perfusion to the hand did not improved significantly in this case