Fig. 1
From: Combined glue embolization and excision for the treatment of venous malformations
a 14-year-old female with chronic left knee pain and swelling initially misdiagnosed and managed as monoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Sagittal fat saturated proton density-weighted MRI showing hyperintense channels of the intraarticular venous malformation along with hypointense phleboliths (arrow). The lesion measured 3.4 × 0.9 × 4.5 (SI) cm. b Frontal projection digital subtraction venography after direct percutaneous access of the venous malformation showing opacification of numerous channels with ascending venous outflow (arrows). c Frontal completion spot radiograph after delivery of n-BCA glue mixture into the venous malformation showing no nontarget egress of glue into draining veins. 7.2 mL of glue-ethiodized oil mixture were delivered. d Intraoperative photograph showing excision cavity after en bloc excision of glue-filled venous malformation. e Intraoperative photograph showing gross specimen of glue-filled venous malformation, which was resected en bloc